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But連詞的用法探討
But連詞的用法探討 But 作為連詞在大多數(shù)情況下都用作并列連詞,但有時(shí)在一些固定結(jié)構(gòu)中也可用作從屬連詞。
一、用作并列連詞
作為并列連詞,but 可以連接兩個(gè)并列的分句或者兩個(gè)并列的成份,譯為“但是”,“可是”。能表示下列意義:
1、表示意義轉(zhuǎn)折。例如:
They are tired but happy.
I was going to write, but I lost your address.
Not one but two!
2、表示對(duì)比或?qū)φ?通常與否定詞連用。例如:
He is not good at maths, but he is good at English.
He scarcely knows French, but he speaks English perfectly.
3、出現(xiàn)在句首或句與句之間,表示異議,驚奇或吃驚。如:
A:I have won the long jump.
B:But that's wonderful!
4、用在表示歉意的詞語(yǔ)之后,引起一個(gè)句子,長(zhǎng)不能譯為“但是”,可以不譯出。如:
I'm sorry, but I can't come.
Excuse me, but can you tell me the way to the library?
固定短語(yǔ):1、not only … but (also) … 這是一組關(guān)聯(lián)并列連詞,表示其所連接的成份在意義上后一項(xiàng)對(duì)前一項(xiàng)的補(bǔ)充和引申,但側(cè)重點(diǎn)在后一項(xiàng)上,意思是“不但……而且……”。但使用這一組關(guān)聯(lián)并列連詞必須注意兩點(diǎn):
(1)、當(dāng) not only … but also 連接兩個(gè)并列成份作主語(yǔ)時(shí),其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式按照就近原則來(lái)確定。
(2)、當(dāng) not only … but also 連接兩個(gè)并列成份時(shí)采用部分倒裝形式,即倒裝 not only 分句,而 but also 分句則采用陳述句語(yǔ)序。如:
△ Not only the mother but also the children are sick.
△ Not only is he interested in the subject but also all his students are beginning to show interested in it.
有時(shí),but 和 also 可以被分隔使用。如:
She was not only compelled to stay at home but she also forbidden to see her friends.
有時(shí),but also 能被 but … as well 所取代。如:
He can not only speak English but French as well.
2、but then, 意思是“不過(guò),另一方”,相當(dāng)于 nevertheless, on the other hand”。如:She speaks English fluently, but then she did live in London for four years.3、not that … but that … 引導(dǎo)兩個(gè)并的原因狀語(yǔ)從句,that 相當(dāng)于 because, 意思是“不是因?yàn)?…… 而是因?yàn)?……”。如:
I haven't worked out the maths problem, not that I have no time for it, but that I can't work it out. 有時(shí) not that … but that … 結(jié)構(gòu)可單獨(dú)出現(xiàn)。如:
Not that I won't go, but that I don't know which is the way to go.
二、用作從屬連詞。
But 在一些固定結(jié)構(gòu)中作從屬連詞,引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句和名詞從句。
1、引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句。
But that 可以用來(lái)引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句,意思是“倘若,要不是”�！杜＝颥F(xiàn)代高級(jí)英漢雙解詞典》和一些語(yǔ)法書(shū)上將此結(jié)構(gòu)中的 but 看成介詞,that 則引導(dǎo)了特殊的介詞賓語(yǔ)從句,但是《牛津現(xiàn)代高級(jí)英漢雙解詞典》和章振幫先生所著《新編英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法》等認(rèn)為 but that 為復(fù)雜從屬連詞, but that 從句為條件狀語(yǔ)從句,本人傾向于后一種看法。 That 從句一般不作介詞補(bǔ)足成分,將 but that 理解為復(fù)雜從屬連詞,有助于確切理解從句 but that 的真正意義, but that 從句用陳述語(yǔ)氣,而主句則常用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,but that 從句可以同否定的 if 從句互換。
例如:
But that you lent him a large sum of money, he would have gone bankrupt.
此句可改為:
If you hadn't lent him a large sum of money, he would have gone bankrupt.
有時(shí) but that 從句出現(xiàn)于含有 not 的主句之后,意思是:“只有…… 才 ……”。例如:He will not find the answer but that he studies it thoroughly.
He will not come but that he is asked.
2、引導(dǎo)比較狀語(yǔ)從句。
用 no sooner … but … 結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)比較狀語(yǔ)從句,but 相當(dāng)于 than 如:
It no sooner started raining but it stopped.
3、用 not but that (what) 結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,意思是“雖然,誠(chéng)然”。如:
He is very strong — not but that he will catch cold sometimes. 意思為“他身體很強(qiáng)壯,雖然有時(shí)會(huì)患感冒”。
I've never walked that far, not but what I could do it if I tried. 意思為:我從來(lái)沒(méi)走那么遠(yuǎn),雖然我要走還是可以走。
4、引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。
(1)not so … but (that/what)… 或 not such a … but,意思為“不是如此……以致于不”。其中 but 的意思是接近于“that … not …”。例如:
He is not such a fool but that he can see through Mary.
(2)否定句+but(that)+從句,意思為“每當(dāng)……總是……”,其中 but 相當(dāng)于“that…not …”,通過(guò)雙重否定來(lái)表達(dá)肯定的因果關(guān)系。例如:
I never go past my old school but I think of the happy years I spent there.
意思為:“每當(dāng)我走過(guò)我的母校時(shí),我都想起我在那兒度過(guò)的快樂(lè)歲月�！豹�
5、引導(dǎo)名詞性從句,常用于下列結(jié)構(gòu)中:
I didn't doubt/denty/question but that…
There is no doubt/question but(that)…
這些結(jié)構(gòu)中的 but 或 but that 并無(wú)實(shí)在意義,相當(dāng)于連詞 that 。例如:
there is no doubt but he is the quilty one,意思為:“毫無(wú)疑問(wèn),犯罪的就是他”。
在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中,but 用作連詞和介詞容易混淆。如果 but 被看作連詞,其后的人稱代詞可以被看成是一個(gè)省略的謂語(yǔ)部分的主語(yǔ)。應(yīng)該是主格形式。例如:
Everyone lost fainth in the plan but she.
No one found the answer but she.
更為常見(jiàn)的是 but 用作介詞,這樣其后的人稱代詞“she”可改為格“her”。
但是,一般說(shuō)來(lái),but 和其后的人稱代詞如果置于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前,人稱代詞用主格形式。如:
Evryone but she lost fainth in the plan.
No one but she found the answer.
至此,本文較為詳細(xì)地歸納了 but 作為連詞時(shí)的用法,深入地探 But連詞的用法探討討了 but 作為并列連詞和從屬連詞及其固定短語(yǔ)的意義和用法,并配以實(shí)例說(shuō)明。這樣對(duì)于我們理解含有 but 的句子尤其是含有 but 的雙重否定句將有一定作用。
參考文獻(xiàn):
(1)Robert B Lostello\ 1995.《Random House Webster's College Dictionary》.\ New York:Random House.
(2)章振幫1990《新編英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法》上海:上海譯文出版社
(3)李此達(dá)1994《牛津現(xiàn)代高級(jí)英漢雙解詞典》牛津大學(xué)出版社課堂練習(xí)的幾個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)
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