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漢英翻譯實踐是再創(chuàng)造的過程
漢英翻譯實踐是再創(chuàng)造的過程 中文摘要
翻譯不僅僅是把一種文字的詞換成另一種文字的詞。在漢英翻譯實踐中,源語跟目的語只有在某些少數(shù)的情況下才是完全相等或幾乎相等的。因此,把漢語翻譯成英語,絕不能簡單地“對號入座”;要多層次、多角度地構(gòu)思,做到“精心設(shè)計、精心施工”;要先調(diào)整、梳理、歸納、提煉、調(diào)研、然后再進行傳譯。本文從對詞、句子、段落的翻譯來進行闡述。對詞的翻譯,應(yīng)意譯,并且根據(jù)上下文確定詞意,同時要考慮詞的文化含義。對于句子的翻譯,往往要改變其句子結(jié)構(gòu)。而對段落的翻譯,包括語言形式的變通乃至內(nèi)容的改寫,要以段落為單位進行考慮。
關(guān)鍵詞:漢英翻譯;實踐;再創(chuàng)造
Abstract
Translation is not merely translating one language into the other language. In C-E translation, there are equivalents or nearly equivalents between the source language and the target language in a few situations. Translation from Chinese to English is by no means a mere matter of finding equivalents between the source and the target language. It needs to plot from various levels and angles, and be meticulous in design and construction. Before translation, such course as adjustment, carding, induction, refinement, investigation and research should be implemented in advance. This paper illustrates the translation methods of words, sentences and paragraphs. As to words, we should choose the meaning of words according to context and consider the cultural significance of words. As to sentences, their structures often need to be changed. And as to paragraphs, the alternative forms of language structure and sometimes even the content should be taken into consideration as a whole.
Key words:C-E translation; practice; re-creation
一、引言
翻譯是許多語言活動中的一種,它是用一種語言形式把另一種語言形式里的內(nèi)容重新表現(xiàn)出來的語言實踐活動。 [1](P.3)它是一項非常復(fù)雜的社會活動,在翻譯實踐過程中譯者往往要發(fā)揮自己的主觀能動性與創(chuàng)造性,運用各種創(chuàng)造性的手段來進行翻譯。即翻譯是一種再創(chuàng)造。翻譯的再創(chuàng)造指的是在忠實原作的基礎(chǔ)上,不完全照搬原作的語言形式和字面意義,而是根據(jù)目的語的特點和規(guī)律,用規(guī)范的目的語的語言形式來反映原作。再創(chuàng)造性的翻譯“不是拜倒在原作前,無所作為,也不是甩開原作,隨意揮灑,而是在兩種語言交匯的有限空間里馳騁”。[2] (P.9)
譯者通過另一種語言文字再現(xiàn)原作的過程是一個再創(chuàng)造的過程,因此,要搞好翻譯,就要把他置于再創(chuàng)作的位置上,要發(fā)揮自己的主觀能動性,客觀地再現(xiàn)原作。以下從對詞、句子、段落的翻譯來進行闡述。對詞的翻譯,應(yīng)意譯,并且根據(jù)上下文來確定詞意,同時要考慮詞的文化含義。對于句子的翻譯,往往要改變其句子結(jié)構(gòu)。而對段落的翻譯,包括語言形式的變通乃至內(nèi)容的改寫,都要以段落為單位進行考慮。
二、詞的翻譯
在漢英翻譯實踐中,為了照顧英語句子的形態(tài)的要求,為了照顧句子譯文的整體效果,對于詞的翻譯,往往需要進行一定的變通。
(一)、詞的意譯
意譯是對原文的一種再創(chuàng)造。因為翻譯是一種創(chuàng)作,不是工藝作坊的產(chǎn)物。為了理解和表達,譯者對待原作就應(yīng)像導(dǎo)演對待劇本,指揮對待樂曲那樣。要研究作品的主題,感覺文筆的風(fēng)格,分析人物的個性,體會語言的品位與節(jié)奏;還要像作者那樣沉浸在角色和情境中。這時開始對原作的翻譯工作,也就是開始作者的再創(chuàng)造。[3](P.52)
①從前,中國人喜歡大家庭,很多人生活在一起,有的家庭四世同堂——四代人住在一起�！F(xiàn)在情況不同了,封建式的大家庭解體了,以小家庭為主。
In the old days, Chinese people preferred to live in extended families with up to four generations under the same roof…now things are quite different. The feudal extended family has given way to the nuclear family.
分析:如果從字面上來翻譯,“大家庭”跟“小家庭”應(yīng)該分別譯為“big family”和 “small family”。但是在英語中,相當(dāng)于我們中國人所講的“大家庭”和“小家庭”的概念,分別是extended family 和nuclear family。在英文中,extended family 的定義為:family structure(as in parts of Africa)where uncles, aunts and cousins are regarded as close relatives, with an obligation to help and support each other大家庭(數(shù)代同堂的家庭)。
nuclear family的定義為:(sociology社)the family considered as mother, father and children only, and not including any less close relations 核心家庭,小家庭(僅有父母和子女組成,不包括關(guān)系較遠的親戚)。[4](P.509 P.1003)
big family一般指多子女家庭
②西湖名菜有南宋風(fēng)味,載譽已久。
West Lake dishes, which originated in the Southern Song Dynasty, have been well-known for their taste and flavor.
分析:如果按字面意思翻譯,“南宋風(fēng)味”就要譯成了style and taste of the Southern Song Dynasty,而把“南宋風(fēng)味”用一個定語從句which originated in the Southern Song Dynasty 譯出了內(nèi)涵,即現(xiàn)在的杭州菜源于南宋。
③杰出的科學(xué)家既為人類物質(zhì)文明留下了寶貴財富,也以自己高尚的道德情操,為人類的精神文明留下了寶貴財富。
原譯: A great scientist not only devotes himself to the material civilization of humanity,but also,with his lofty sentiments, offers noble wealth to the human spiritual civilization.
分析:“物質(zhì)文明”可以翻譯為material civilization, 但是“精神文明”翻譯成spiritual civilization則頗有爭議。至于“道德情操”譯成sentiments,顯然是用錯了詞,這都是由于譯者只顧詞的字面意義。[5](P.59)
此句應(yīng)改譯為:Distinguished scientists not only make contributions to the accumulation of material wealth with their scientific achievements, but also leave behind them rich cultural heritages with their exemplary integrity.這里,把“物質(zhì)文明 ”和“精神文明”分別譯成material wealth 和cultural heritage,把高尚的道德情操譯為exemplary integrity都遵循了意譯的原則。
(二)、詞文化含義的轉(zhuǎn)換
文化與語言密切相關(guān),互有包含。語言承載著各種文化的信息,而語言本身又是文化的組成部分。各種典故、成語、俗語具有豐富的文化內(nèi)涵,有的還源遠流長有著一定的 漢英翻譯實踐是再創(chuàng)造的過程歷史背景。[6](P.111)
因此,翻譯不僅是語言的轉(zhuǎn)換,更是文化的傳遞或轉(zhuǎn)換。所以,翻譯不僅要克服語言的障礙,更要克服文化的障礙,才能使譯文讀者理解。語言中的許多詞匯具有很強的文化含義,翻譯時必須譯出其文化含義。
④農(nóng)戶中有的在做湯圓,圖個團圓之意;有的在準(zhǔn)備魚,也是想圖個年年有余的意思。
Some farmers are making round dumplings. This is a kind of stuffed dumplings made of glutinous rice flour served in soup. It’s traditional food for Chinese in some southern parts of China. The round shape of dumplings signifies family reunion, for the spring festival is the biggest occasion for family reunion in a year. Others are preparing fish for New Year’s Eve Dinner. As the Chinese character "fish" is pronounced "yu", which is homophonic with another character "yu", meaning "having surplus of more than necessary", eating fish at the New Year’s Eve means you will have more than necessary in the coming year.
分析:吃湯圓圖團圓,吃魚圖年年有余,這是南方部分地區(qū)的民俗習(xí)慣,具有明顯的文化含義。但對英語讀者來說,兩者是無法聯(lián)系在一起的。因此,翻譯時必須加以解釋說明,才能使譯文讀者理解。
⑤五代時的吳越國和南宋均在杭州建都,歷時237年。
Hangzhou served as the capital of empires for 237 years, first as the capital of the kingdom of Wuyue (907-978), during the Five Dynasties Period, and again as the capital of Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279).
分析:這里有一定的歷史文化背景的問題。中國人都知道,吳越國和南宋之間相隔約500年之久。如果譯文不加說明,英語讀者會誤解,以為南宋僅接著吳越國之后。
⑥他真是賠了夫人又折兵。
He really suffered a double loss instead of making a gain.
分析:“賠了夫人又折兵”是個三國典故,意思是說損失慘重。把它翻譯成“suffer a double loss instead of making a gain”既能體現(xiàn)原文的簡潔性,又能使譯文讀者接受。但是如果按字面意思把它翻譯成“give one’s enemy a wife and lose one’s soldiers as well”,則會使不了解這個典故的譯文讀者感到十分費解。
三、句子的翻譯——句子結(jié)構(gòu)的轉(zhuǎn)換
漢英兩種語言的句子結(jié)構(gòu)有一個基本的差別。簡單來說,漢語是“流水句”,整個句子是由一個一個獨立的子句按時間順序或邏輯順序?qū)訉油七M。英語的句子結(jié)構(gòu)是在一個主句中,可在不同的地方插入各種從屬結(jié)構(gòu),層層展開。從屬結(jié)構(gòu)包括動詞的非限定形式,介詞短語和各種分句。
在漢英翻譯中,應(yīng)把漢語的結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換成英語的結(jié)構(gòu),這能在很大程度上避免中式英語的產(chǎn)生。
以下以鄧小平理論課程簡介的翻譯為例。對外宣傳鄧小平理論是非常重要的。在翻譯時應(yīng)做到意思準(zhǔn)確,風(fēng)格得體,可讀性強。
⑦ 鄧小平理論概論
“本課程系統(tǒng)講授鄧小平理論科學(xué)體系的基本內(nèi)容,深入分析鄧小平理論的思想精髓和科學(xué)內(nèi)容,闡明鄧小平理論的歷史地位和指導(dǎo)意義,闡明建設(shè)有中國特色社會主義的路線、方針和政策,幫助學(xué)生提高對高舉鄧小平偉大旗幟的認(rèn)識水平,提高建設(shè)有中國特色社會主義道路的自覺性,提高以鄧小平理論為指導(dǎo)研究分析我國社會主義改革開放和現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)理論和實踐問題的能力。//鄧小平理論概論講授的重點內(nèi)容是鄧小平社會主義初級階段理論,鄧小平理論的精髓,鄧小平社會主義本質(zhì)和根本任務(wù)的理論,鄧小平社會主義改革理論,鄧小平外交和對外開放理論,鄧小平一國兩制和祖國統(tǒng)一理論,鄧小平社會主義市場經(jīng)濟理論,鄧小平社會主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)的發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略理論,鄧小平社會主義民主與法制理論,鄧小平社會主義精神文明建設(shè)理論,鄧小平社會主義建設(shè)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力量和依靠力量等。//課堂教學(xué)要求努力貫徹理論與實際相結(jié)合、歷史與現(xiàn)實相結(jié)合的原則,力求科學(xué)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、生動有效。”[7](P.26)
對于這類句子長,重復(fù)多,條理差的復(fù)雜段落,我們必須對它進行必要的梳理加工,然后再分步驟地進行翻譯。
第一步,翻譯之前精心安排,突出句子的框架結(jié)構(gòu),再做一些細節(jié)上的調(diào)整:
(1)、鄧小平理論概論
本課程系統(tǒng)講授鄧小平理論科學(xué)體系的基本內(nèi)容,深入分析鄧小平理論的思想精髓和科學(xué)內(nèi)容,闡明鄧小平理論的歷史地位和指導(dǎo)意義,闡明建設(shè)有中國特色社會主義的路線、方針和政策,幫助學(xué)生提高對高舉鄧小平偉大旗幟的認(rèn)識水平,提高建設(shè)有中國特色社會主義道路的自覺性,提高以鄧小平理論為指導(dǎo)研究 分析我國社會主義改革開放和現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)理論和實踐問題的能力。
(2)、鄧小平理論概論講授的重點內(nèi)容
(按順序安排作些必要的調(diào)整,增強邏輯性)
鄧小平理論的精髓
鄧小平社會主義初級階段理論
鄧小平社會主義本質(zhì)和根本任務(wù)的理論
鄧小平社會主義改革理論
鄧小平社會主義市場經(jīng)濟理論
鄧小平社會主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)的發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略理論
鄧小平社會主義建設(shè)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力量和依靠力量
鄧小平社會主義民主與法制理論
鄧小平社會主義精神文明建設(shè)理論
鄧小平外交和對外開放理論
鄧小平一國兩制和祖國統(tǒng)一理論
(3)、課堂教學(xué)要求
努力貫徹理論與實際相結(jié)合、歷史與現(xiàn)實相結(jié)合的原則,力求科學(xué)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、生動有效。
第二步,參照有關(guān)馬克思主義經(jīng)濟理論課程的英語原文的介紹,了解其結(jié)構(gòu)與寫法,并摘錄一些有用的表達方式,以便模仿應(yīng)用:
This course involves examination of Marx’s economic theory, concentrating on the theories and value and surplus value, the theory of accumulation, the theory of money and circulation, and the concept of socialism, consideration of some selected work of later Marxist economists and discussion of some criticisms of the Marxist th 漢英翻譯實踐是再創(chuàng)造的過程eory。
第三步,把有關(guān)的基本內(nèi)容的譯文列出來:
the fundamentals of the scientific framework of Deng Xiaoping Theory
the essential thinking and scientific substance
the historical impact and guiding significance
the line, policy and strategy for building China-specific socialism
the attitude towards holding high the great banner of Deng Xiaoping
the initiative for building socialism with Chinese characteristics
the ability to apply…to the study of the theoretical and practical dimensions of…
the pith and marrow of Deng Xiaoping Theory
the initial stage of socialism
the essence and fundamental tasks of socialism
the reform of socialism
the socialist market economy
the development strategy of the modernization program
the leading core and buttress force for building socialism
the enhancement of democracy and the rule of law
the strengthening of the vitality of civilization
the leading core and opening policies
the “one country--two systems” and the reunification of the motherland
cross reference between theory and practice and between history and reality;Scientifically sound and interestingly effective
第四步,把所有的句子按設(shè)定的結(jié)構(gòu)串聯(lián)起來。
Introduction to Deng Xiaoping Theory
This course involves examination of the fundamentals of the scientific framework of Deng Xiaoping Theory, the exploration of the essential thinking and scientific substance of the theory, the consideration of its historical impact and guiding significance, and the discussion of this theory regarding the line, policy and strategy for building China-specific socialism.
The course aims to heighten the awareness of the students for holding high the great banner of Deng Xiaoping,to enhance their initiative for building socialism with Chinese characteristics, and to increase their ability to apply the theory to the study of the theoretical and empirical implications of the socialist reforms and open policies and the modernization program.
The subjects to be expounded in this course will be the pith and marrow of Deng Xiaoping Theory, concentrating on such aspects as the initial stage of socialism, the essence and fundamental tasks of socialism, the socialist reforms, the socialist market economy, the development strategy of the modernization program and the leading core and buttress force for building socialism. This course also touches on Deng Xiaoping’s directives on the enhancement of democracy and the rule of law and the strengthening of the vitality of civilization, the guidelines on foreign affairs and the open policies and the concept of reunification of the motherland in the “one country--two systems” context.
The lectures, which are intended to be scientifically sound and interestingly effective, will feature cross-references between theory and practice and between history and reality. [8](P.27)
此譯文在傳達原意的前提下,還照顧到了三個方面:
(1)、避免了不必要的重復(fù),控制了句子的長度;(2)、調(diào)整布局,理順?biāo)悸?長句拆分,使結(jié)構(gòu)上眉目清楚;(3)、盡量運用一些符合英語習(xí)慣的表達方式,使譯文的可讀性提高。這種經(jīng)過梳理之后的翻譯,避免了原文中的一些缺點,從而保證翻譯的質(zhì)量和效果。這個翻譯過程包含了相當(dāng)大的創(chuàng)造成分。
四、段落的翻譯
翻譯也是改寫的一種形式,包括語言形式乃至內(nèi)容的改寫。
(一)、語言形式的改寫——以段落為單位,可以重組段落
⑧相傳四五千年以前,黃河流域發(fā)生了一次特大水災(zāi),洪水沖毀了房屋和村莊,淹沒了田地,淹死了許多人�；钪娜酥缓冒岬缴缴先プ�,或離開家鄉(xiāng),逃到很遠很遠的地方去。
Legend has it that some four or five thousand years ago, there once occurred in the Yellow River valley a terrible flood which washed away whole villages with their houses and inundated large areas of cropland. Many people lost their lives in the flood and those who were fortunate enough to survive were forced to abandon their homes and go and live on hillsides or migrate to places far, far away.
分析:漢語原文中,“(洪水沖毀了)房屋和村莊”是并列的,譯文用了從屬結(jié)構(gòu)“whole villages with their houses”。對于“淹沒了田地,淹死了許多人�；钪娜恕钡姆g,英語譯文進行了重組,把“淹沒了田地”放到前面,與“沖毀了房屋和村莊”并列,把有關(guān)“人”的描述都放在后面一句當(dāng)中(淹死的人和活著的)。這樣安排才符合英語的邏輯。
⑨(杭州)市屬7個縣境內(nèi),北有超山,西有天目山,溯錢塘江而上,有富陽鸛山,桐廬瑤琳仙境,桐君山,嚴(yán)子陵釣臺,建德靈棲三洞,新安江“千島湖”等名勝,形成一個以西湖為中心的廣闊旅游區(qū)。
The beauty spots in the seven nearby counties form a vast area for tourists with West Lake at its center. To the north of Hangzhou stands the Chao Hill, and to the west Mt.Tianmu. Going up to the Qiantang River one finds oneself at St 漢英翻譯實踐是再創(chuàng)造的過程ork Hill near the Terrace where Yan Ziling, a hermit of the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220), loved to go angling by the Fuchun River in Fuyang County. Nearby are the Yaolin Wonderland in Tonglu County, the Tongjun Hill and the three Lingqi Caves in Jiande County, and the Thousand-Islet Lake at the source of the Xin’anjiang River.
分析:英語句子和段落的結(jié)構(gòu),一般是先總述,后分述;漢語恰恰相反,往往是先分述,后總述。漢語原文的段落以“形成了一個以西湖為中心的廣闊的旅游區(qū)”作結(jié),即遵循了“先分述,后總述”的漢語段落結(jié)構(gòu)。英語譯文則以此句開頭,作為本段的主題句,也遵循了“先總述,后分述”的英語段落結(jié)構(gòu)。
(二)、內(nèi)容的改寫——以段落為單位,對內(nèi)容進行重寫或改寫
翻譯實際上也是用另一種文字對原作的改寫或重寫。經(jīng)過改寫或重寫后的譯文在字面上可能與原文不能一一對應(yīng),但意思卻能體現(xiàn)出來。
⑩而杭州灣喇叭口的地形特殊,海灣水域廣闊,但河口狹窄,加之河床泥沙阻擋,易使潮流能量集中,江潮迅速猛漲,流速加快,涌潮現(xiàn)象頻頻發(fā)生。
根據(jù)譯者對原文的理解,對這一句的譯文作了重寫:
The river’s special physical features account for this remarkable natural phenomenon. Its outlet to the ocean, Hangzhou Bay, is extremely wide, shaped like a large trumpet. When the sea tide rises, it brings with it a huge amount of water, pushing inland at a great speed. However, the river’s sandy bed prevents the water’s smooth progress. As waves follow
one after the other, the tide surges and creates a gigantic wall of tidal water, the so-called "tidal bore". [9](P.90)
五、結(jié)語
翻譯是一門藝術(shù),即將翻譯看成譯者塑造形象,表現(xiàn)思想感情的一種活動,是譯者將一種語言文字所傳達的思想情感用另一種語言文字表達出來的心智活動。它本身是一種技巧、一種技能、一種藝術(shù)、一種再創(chuàng)造。[10](P.90)由于英漢語言在思維方式和表達方法上的差異。兩種語言特點不同,規(guī)律不同,如果一層不便地進行翻譯是產(chǎn)生不了應(yīng)有的效果的。在漢英翻譯實踐中,有些詞、句子按字面意思表達是不能忠實地表達原文的,所以在此情況下,就需要對文字進行調(diào)整,在保持原意的基礎(chǔ)上作些變通,這就是翻譯的“再創(chuàng)造”。
因此,在翻譯實踐中,譯者只有充分考慮到兩種語言和文化之間的差異,綜合上述各種變通手段才能忠實傳達原作的意義、信息、內(nèi)涵�！胺g的本質(zhì)要求譯作忠實原作,但這并不意味著譯作對原作亦步亦趨,生搬硬套,而恰恰要求譯者要發(fā)揮其創(chuàng)造性,采取各種再創(chuàng)造的手段。當(dāng)然譯者的再創(chuàng)造也不能否定翻譯的忠實性原則�！盵11](P.102)
參考文獻:
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[2]羅新璋.釋譯作[J].中國翻譯,1995(2):P9.
[3]畢靜.論翻譯是再創(chuàng)作[J].理論觀察,2002(2):P52.
[4]霍比恩.《牛津高階英漢雙解詞典》[Z].(第四版).北京:商務(wù)印書館,1997.P509.P1003.
[5]方夢之.《實用文本漢譯英》[M].青島:青島出版社,1999.P59.
[6]方夢之.《翻譯新論與實踐》[M].青島:青島出版社,1999.P111.
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[8]同[7]:P27
[9]郭建中.錢江涌潮[J].中國翻譯,2005,26(6):P90.
[10]鄒永紅.試論文學(xué)翻譯的再創(chuàng)造[J].曲靖師范學(xué)院學(xué)報,2002,21(4):P90.
[11]李伯和.論翻譯的再創(chuàng)造性[J].韶關(guān)學(xué)院學(xué)報(社會科學(xué)版),2005,26(5):P102.
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