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高考英語(yǔ)單項(xiàng)填空題解法例析
高考英語(yǔ)單項(xiàng)填空題解法例析 英語(yǔ)單項(xiàng)填空題是考查學(xué)生基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)、語(yǔ)言應(yīng)用能力的一種基本題型。近幾年,高考英語(yǔ)單項(xiàng)填空題得到不斷改革、創(chuàng)新并日趨完善,單項(xiàng)填空題考及的知識(shí)面更廣,試題更靈活多變。在日常英語(yǔ)單項(xiàng)填空題的教學(xué)中,要注意訓(xùn)練學(xué)生認(rèn)真審題的習(xí)慣、仔細(xì)分析的習(xí)慣,掌握一定的技巧,才能收到較好的訓(xùn)練效果。對(duì)于一些有比較復(fù)雜的句式結(jié)構(gòu)的單項(xiàng)填空題,考生因?qū)ζ洳惶煜?影響了解題的速度和準(zhǔn)確率,其實(shí),對(duì)于這類題目,只要巧妙地運(yùn)用一些方法,即可化難為易。本文試從具體的解題方法這一角度作幾個(gè)實(shí)例分析。
一、找關(guān)鍵詞法
找準(zhǔn)關(guān)鍵性的提示語(yǔ)。對(duì)于有些單選題來(lái)說(shuō),如果能找準(zhǔn)關(guān)鍵性的提示
語(yǔ),問(wèn)題就會(huì)迎刃而解。
例1:① Do you know John is getting on well with his studies?
② Do you know John is getting on with his studies?
A、how B、what C、that D、with
解析:句①意為“你知道約翰學(xué)習(xí)進(jìn)展好嗎?”賓語(yǔ)從句的意思已經(jīng)完整,故選C項(xiàng),因?yàn)閠hat本身無(wú)中文含義,解這一題的關(guān)鍵是要注意well;句②意為“你知道約翰學(xué)習(xí)進(jìn)展如何?”故選A 項(xiàng)。well就是這兩題的關(guān)鍵詞。
例2:① ____on the stone, you will see farther.
② on the stone,,and you will see farther.
A、Stand B、To stand C、 Stood D.、Standing
解析:這兩句的根本區(qū)別在于句②有一個(gè)and ,and是這兩題的關(guān)鍵詞,所以句②的結(jié)構(gòu)為祈使句+and/or/or else +陳述句,祈使句應(yīng)該用動(dòng)詞原形,故句②選A項(xiàng);句①實(shí)際上是現(xiàn)在分詞作條件狀語(yǔ),表示主動(dòng)的動(dòng)作,其邏輯主語(yǔ)是you,相當(dāng)于條件狀語(yǔ)從句if you stand on the stone,故選D項(xiàng)。
二、結(jié)構(gòu)分析法
有的單項(xiàng)填空題的句子結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜,迷惑性大,稍有疏忽,便會(huì)受到干擾項(xiàng)的干擾,這時(shí)要仔細(xì)分析,弄清句子結(jié)構(gòu),然后再對(duì)照所給的選項(xiàng),選出正確答案。
例3:① It was such a good film I saw it yesterday.
② Don’t talk about such things you don’t understand.
A、which B、that C、what D、as
解析:答這類題時(shí),首先要分析句子結(jié)構(gòu),such 有兩種搭配。第一種such…that…,that 引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句,在結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句中不充當(dāng)句子成分,因此that后面的句子應(yīng)該是一個(gè)完整的句子;第二種such…as…, as引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,as在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),因此as后面的句子應(yīng)該少一個(gè)成分,該成分由as來(lái)充當(dāng),照這樣分析,句①選B項(xiàng),句②選D項(xiàng)(as 作understand 的賓語(yǔ))。
例4:① We are looking forward to you again.
A、saw B、see C、sees D、seeing
② The day we looked forward to at last.
A、came B、come C、coming D、comes
解析:一般的學(xué)生都知道look forward to后接名詞或代詞或動(dòng)名詞,故句①的答案為D項(xiàng),意為“我們期望再一次見(jiàn)到你。”而答句②的關(guān)鍵是要分析句子結(jié)構(gòu),抓主干,去枝節(jié),“主干”為T(mén)he day came at last. The day是主語(yǔ),came 是謂語(yǔ);“枝節(jié)”為中間的we looked forward to,其實(shí)we looked forward to是定語(yǔ)從句,引導(dǎo)詞that或 which 作介詞to的賓語(yǔ),省略了,故正確答案為A 項(xiàng)。
例5:① I found her her eyes on the hole in the ceiling.
② I found her eyes on the hole in the ceiling.
A、are fixed B、fixing C、being fixed D、fixed
解析:分析句子結(jié)構(gòu),可以看出,這兩題主要是考查found 的賓補(bǔ)用法,一般地說(shuō),形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞等均可作found的賓補(bǔ),現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)的動(dòng)作,過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作,據(jù)此,句①應(yīng)選B項(xiàng),表主動(dòng);句②選D項(xiàng),表被動(dòng)。詞組為fix one’s eyes on…。再如:He stood there with his eyes fixed on the wall.
例6:① What do you think has happened to her?
② Who do you suppose will come to our house?
③ What do you suppose he is doing now?
④ Who do you think he will help?
⑤ When do you suppose he is going to start?
⑥ Where do you think she has gone?
解析:這6道題涉及插入語(yǔ)do you think / do you suppose / do you believe的用法。解答這組題的關(guān)鍵是要弄清句首的疑問(wèn)詞在句中的成分。顯然,句①、句②的疑問(wèn)詞在句中作主語(yǔ),只要去掉插入語(yǔ)do you think 與do you suppose,剩下的便是What has happened to her? Who will come to our house? 問(wèn)題就迎刃而解了。句③、句④的What與Who在句中作賓語(yǔ),其實(shí)句③的What he is doing now是suppose的賓語(yǔ)從句。句④的Who he will help是think的賓語(yǔ)從句,所以應(yīng)該用陳述句排列,不應(yīng)像句①、句②那樣可以去掉插入語(yǔ)來(lái)理解。同樣,句⑤、句⑥的When與Where在句中作狀語(yǔ),句⑤ When he is going to start 實(shí)際上是suppose的賓語(yǔ)從句。句⑥的Where she has gone 也是think的賓語(yǔ)從句,所以都應(yīng)該用陳述句排列。
典型錯(cuò)誤為:
③What do you suppose is he doing now?
④ Who do you think will he help?
⑤When do you suppose is he going to start?
⑥Where do you think has she gone?
(錯(cuò)誤的原因是沒(méi)有分析句子結(jié)構(gòu),全采用去掉插入語(yǔ)的方法來(lái)解題。)
三、成分簡(jiǎn)化法
為了快捷、準(zhǔn)確的理解題意,去掉插入語(yǔ)或附加的次要信息成分,就會(huì)迅速找出答案。
例7:He felt that he, rather than Alice and Lisa, ___for the coldness that had grown between them.
A、were to blame B、was to be blamed
C、were to be blamed D、was to blame
解析:去掉rather than Alice and Lisa,便可看出本句實(shí)際上是He felt that he was to blame for the coldness…,而be to blame是固定搭配,應(yīng)用主動(dòng)形式。這樣問(wèn)題就簡(jiǎn)單了,故答案為D項(xiàng)。
例8:His health is .
A、as poor as, 高考英語(yǔ)單項(xiàng)填空題解法例析if not poorer than, his sister’s
B、as poor, if not poorer than, his sister
C、poor as his sister’s if not poor
D、as poor, if not poorer than his sister’s
解析:本題乍一看很難,其實(shí),只要把插入語(yǔ)if not poorer than 去掉,原句就是His health is as poor as his sister’s.故答案為A項(xiàng)。
四、句式還原法
1、感嘆句還原為陳述句
例9:____ what little Tom said to his mother sounded !
A、How a reasonable B、How reasonable
C、What a reasonable D、What reasonable
解析;題干為一感嘆句,還原成陳述句,即What little Tom said to his mother sounded____ 。很容易發(fā)現(xiàn)sound之后應(yīng)接形容詞作表語(yǔ)。故答案為B項(xiàng)。
2、疑問(wèn)句還原為肯定句
例10:Has ___can be done ____?
A、 A、all,been done B、all that,done C、all what,been done D、all that,been done
解析:題干為疑問(wèn)句,還原為肯定句,即:All that can be done has been done.that can be done是定語(yǔ)從句,that在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ),不能省略。故答案為D項(xiàng)。
例11:Is this factory ____you visited yesterday?
A. that B.which C.the one D.where
解析:本題的干擾項(xiàng)是A項(xiàng),其實(shí)只要把原句還原成肯定句:This factory is the one you visited yesterday。 You visited yesterday是定語(yǔ)從句,引導(dǎo)詞that在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ),省略了。
3、復(fù)合句還原為簡(jiǎn)單句
例12:He suggested the problem worth paying attention at the conference.
A、to discussing B、to discuss
C、to be discussed D、to being discussed
解析:本題容易誤選D項(xiàng),誤把being discussed當(dāng)成paying attention to的賓語(yǔ)。如果把此復(fù)合句還原成兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句,即He suggested the problem at the conference. The problem is worth paying attention to.很容易看出空白處應(yīng)填“(should) +動(dòng)詞原形”,而worth paying attention to是修飾賓語(yǔ)從句主語(yǔ)the problem的,是形容詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ),故答案為C項(xiàng)。
4、省略句還原為完整句
例13:“What will Andrew be doing in the fall?”
“____ maths at a private boys’ school.”
A、To teach B、Teaching C、To be teaching D、Be teaching
解析:題干為省略句。根據(jù)題意,答語(yǔ)可補(bǔ)充完整為Andrew will be teaching maths at a private boys’ school。一般來(lái)說(shuō),助動(dòng)詞全都省略,只剩下實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,故答案為B項(xiàng)。
例14: None of us could agree on where to go on vacation, so we went to different places,____to Shanghai and to Xiamen.
A、them; me B、they; I C、they; me D、them; I
解析:本題容易誤選C項(xiàng)。其實(shí),題干為省略句。根據(jù)題意,特別是so we went to different places這一句中的主語(yǔ)we,答語(yǔ)可補(bǔ)充為they went to Shanghai and I went to Xiamen.。故答案為B項(xiàng)。
單項(xiàng)填空題的解題方法很多,答題時(shí)我們應(yīng)注意靈活運(yùn)用。值得著重一提的是,在平時(shí)的高考應(yīng)試復(fù)習(xí)中,光抓解題技巧的訓(xùn)練是不夠的,關(guān)鍵是具備扎實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)與語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力,倘若這兩點(diǎn)都能做到,考試就會(huì)得心應(yīng)手,成功也就離你不遠(yuǎn)了。
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