關(guān)于英語動(dòng)詞不定式作后置修飾語的若干問題
關(guān)于英語動(dòng)詞不定式作后置修飾語的若干問題 [作者] 翁祖芳 [內(nèi)容] 英語非限是動(dòng)詞有三種形式:動(dòng)詞不定式(The Infinitive)、分詞(The participle)和動(dòng)名詞(The Gerun d)。這三種形式都可以用作名詞(或短語)的 后置修飾語。作后置修飾語的可以是單一非限定動(dòng)詞,也可以是 "非限定動(dòng)詞 +狀語或賓語"構(gòu)成的非限定動(dòng)詞短語。本文擬結(jié)合筆者多年教學(xué)實(shí)踐,并參考 R.Quirk等人著的 "A comprehensiveGrammar of the English Language"(Published in U.S.A by LongmanGroup Limited.1985 )的有關(guān)章節(jié) (以下簡(jiǎn)稱(CGOEL),就動(dòng)詞不定式作后置修飾語的若干問題進(jìn)行探討。 一、動(dòng)詞不定式作限制性后置修飾語 動(dòng)詞不定式作限制性后置修飾語可以有各種不同的時(shí)態(tài): to meet/to have met The girl to be met/to have been met is my sister. to be meeting 1.不定式作后置修飾語有時(shí)只能用主動(dòng)語態(tài),有時(shí)只能用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。有時(shí)能 用主動(dòng)語態(tài)也能用被動(dòng)語態(tài), 意思相同,有時(shí)又不同。什么時(shí)候可以用主動(dòng)語 態(tài),什么時(shí)候可以用被動(dòng)語態(tài),要根據(jù)不同的語境來決定。 作后置修飾語的不定式與被修飾的名詞存在動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)(即不定式前的被修 飾名詞是不定式動(dòng)作的對(duì)象) ,用主動(dòng)語態(tài)或被動(dòng)語態(tài)在語義上沒有什么區(qū)別, 如: This is a difficult question to answer/to be answered. He is the man to select/to be selected. 如果較多地考慮做動(dòng)作的人而較少地考慮動(dòng)作的本身,用主動(dòng)語態(tài)的不定式 顯得比較自然,如: This is the best loading port to choose. for us/for you to choose. that we/you should choose. 但在某些情況下,只有用被動(dòng)語態(tài)的不定式才顯得自然,如: He is the only man/to be killed to kill in the accident. The book to be found/to find in the room is George's. 有時(shí)不定式雖然與被修飾的名詞存在動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,但又與句子主語或間接賓語 存在主謂關(guān)系,這時(shí)用主動(dòng)語 態(tài)比較妥當(dāng),用被動(dòng)語態(tài)的不定式就顯得不自然, 如: to do/to be done. I have got a lot of homework that I can/must do. to read/to be read. I've given yor the newspaper that yor can read. 試比較: Have you anything to take/to be taken? anything that you take./anything that will be taken by me or someone else. 如果作表語的不定式與主語存在動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,這時(shí)只能用被動(dòng)語態(tài)不定式。下 面句子中的不定式被動(dòng)語態(tài)不 宜改為主動(dòng)語態(tài): The exercises are to be done in the class. trucks are to be turned out next month. 但也有例外。下面句子中作表語的不定式雖然與主語存在動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,但習(xí)慣 上要用主動(dòng)語態(tài)不定式: The goods are to sell. He is to blame. 如果我們要將上述不定式與另一個(gè)不定式被動(dòng)語態(tài)進(jìn)行比較,則可以用被動(dòng) 語態(tài)。 The flat is to be sold,not to be let. He is to be blamed,not to be praised. 但在there be結(jié)構(gòu)的句子中,用主動(dòng)語態(tài)不定式或被動(dòng)語態(tài)不定式在意思 上無多少差別。如果我們更多地 考慮做動(dòng)作的人而較少地考慮動(dòng)作的本身,就 用主動(dòng)語態(tài)不定式,如: There was no time to lose/to be lost. There are some books to choose/to be choosen. 2.作為后置修飾語的不定式相對(duì)應(yīng)于一個(gè)關(guān)系分句。不定式在相對(duì)應(yīng)的關(guān)系 分句中,關(guān)系代詞不僅可以是 主語,也可以是賓語。此外,不定式轉(zhuǎn)換成關(guān)系 分句也可由關(guān)系副詞(作狀語)引導(dǎo),如: to meet you 作主語:The girl is Mary. who will meet you (for you)to ask 作賓語:The girl is my sister. (whom)you should ask to start 作狀語:The time is at dawn. when you should strat 作狀語的不定式實(shí)際上前面省略了“介詞+which"。但這是非常正式很少 用的結(jié)構(gòu),如: The time at which to start is…… The place in which to live is…… 3.作后置修飾語的不定式既可以有情態(tài)含義,也可以沒有情態(tài)含義。 當(dāng)被修飾的名詞是不定式的賓語,是可以理解為有情態(tài)含義。據(jù)CGOEL,被 修飾的名詞是不定式的賓語,只 能理解為有情態(tài)含義,如: to read The books we should/must read is…… we (are goimg to)read 當(dāng)在下面的語境中可以理解為無情態(tài)含義: 1)只有用被動(dòng)語態(tài)不定式作后置修飾語才自然的句子,如: to be found/to find The books that can be found in the room is… that are found 2)被修飾的名詞是不定式的邏輯主語,尤其是在不定式所修飾的名詞前有一 個(gè)如:"only,next,last和fi rst……等限制性"之類的詞,如: to travel He was the only man around the world. 關(guān)于英語動(dòng)詞不定式作后置修飾語的若干問題 who travelled 4.不及物動(dòng)詞不定式作名詞后置修飾語,并與名詞存在動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí),必須加 上一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)或含義上所需要的 介詞,如: We bought a flat to live in. The children have got some toys to play with. 有時(shí)不及物動(dòng)詞不定式與被修飾的名詞存在介詞+賓語的關(guān)系,這時(shí)介詞也 必須補(bǔ)上,如: a broom to clean it with/a file to keep sth,in/ a desk to put the books on/a knife to cut sth.with 但修飾place這個(gè)詞時(shí),在現(xiàn)代英語中可以省略介詞。試比較: find a house to live. Let's a good place to live(in)/to sit(on)/to go(to). 后place之后跟一個(gè)關(guān)系分句時(shí),分句中的介詞通常不能省略: That's the place which she works in. 二、動(dòng)詞不定式作非限制性后置修飾語 動(dòng)詞不是式作非限制性后置修飾語不同于作限制性后置修飾語。限制性不定 式作后置修飾語轉(zhuǎn)換成關(guān)系分 句時(shí),關(guān)系代詞可以是主語,賓語或與關(guān)系副詞 作狀語的關(guān)系分句相對(duì)應(yīng)(見一·2)。但非限制性的后置不定 式只限于與關(guān)系 代詞作主語的非限制性關(guān)系分句相對(duì)應(yīng),如: to be on display The articles, at the exhibition which are on display enjoyed fast sale. 三、動(dòng)詞不定式作同位后置修飾語 動(dòng)詞不定式可以作同位后置修飾語,而且是相當(dāng)普遍的。同位修飾語與被修 飾的名詞處于同等的地位。同 位后置修飾語也存在限制性與非限制性之分。但 與不定式同位的名詞通常是抽象的名詞,如: I've made up my mind to go there on foot. He has a strong desire to be a doctor. 在同位不定式之前,有時(shí)可以加wh-詞或破折號(hào),如: The problem whether to accept L/C or D/p remained unsolved. They all have a common desire-to be university students 但有些區(qū)別是值得注意:有些名詞只用of介詞短語作同位后置修飾語,如: Is there any possibility of getting there in time? 有些名詞只用不定式作同位后置修飾語(如: will,agreement,proposal,resolution等);有些名詞則要 視句子的結(jié)構(gòu),可 以用of-短語,也可用不定式作同位后置修飾語(如chance,opportunity,power 等)。 關(guān)于動(dòng)詞不定式作后置修飾語看起來比較簡(jiǎn)單,但用起來有時(shí)會(huì)把握不定, 特別是對(duì)不同的語境有不同理 解的時(shí)候。對(duì)這些問題可以作進(jìn)一步更深入的探 討。
|