高考透視,疑難掃描
高考透視,疑難掃描 [作者] 瞿國(guó)庚 章治安 [內(nèi)容] 在中學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中,動(dòng)詞的地位舉足輕重,其形式活潑,用途廣泛。除動(dòng)詞 時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)外,動(dòng)詞的非謂語(yǔ) 形式可謂另一重要內(nèi)容,它具有多種功能與用法。 正因?yàn)槿绱,非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在高考中的比重相當(dāng)突出。以下是 近幾年非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 在高考中的統(tǒng)計(jì)分析表: 分類 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(可統(tǒng)計(jì)題)分布狀況 單項(xiàng)題 完形題 拼寫(xiě)題 改錯(cuò)題 四題所點(diǎn)總分 權(quán)重值 年份 '93MET 4 3 65 10.9% '94MET 4 3 65 10.9% '95NMET 4 3 2 85 10.6% '96NMET 2 4 2 1 70 12.8% '97NMET 2 3 2 3 70 14.3% 上表顯示,非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在可統(tǒng)計(jì)的題中所占比重已接近時(shí)態(tài)題,且較前些年 有所增加。然而,中學(xué)生對(duì)這 一語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目多心存畏懼或略知一二,缺乏全面、 系統(tǒng)的認(rèn)識(shí),學(xué)習(xí)中處于被動(dòng)應(yīng)付的局面。實(shí)際教學(xué)中,筆者 三年來(lái)對(duì)我校(地 區(qū)重點(diǎn)中學(xué))剛進(jìn)入高三年級(jí)的畢業(yè)生進(jìn)行過(guò)連續(xù)問(wèn)卷調(diào)查,發(fā)現(xiàn)能準(zhǔn)確說(shuō)出非 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞概 念的同學(xué)寥寥無(wú)幾,僅占5%左右。這說(shuō)明絕大多數(shù)同學(xué)對(duì)非謂語(yǔ) 動(dòng)詞掌握得不好,對(duì)其概念、用法、變化含混 不清、模棱兩可。同時(shí)也反映了 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在教學(xué)中的難度,它不僅抽象深?yuàn)W,而且對(duì)其他語(yǔ)法知識(shí)有很大的 依 賴。 本文以非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞高考考點(diǎn)作引導(dǎo),分析其難點(diǎn),摸索其特點(diǎn)與教學(xué)方法。 一、最新高考題析。1993—1997年的高考題,非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在考點(diǎn)設(shè)計(jì)上, 呈現(xiàn)出以下的特色,F(xiàn)作簡(jiǎn)要分 析(題后注原題號(hào)及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案): 1.How about the two of us______a walk down the garden? ('93MET17, Key:C) A、to take B、take C、taking D、to be taking 簡(jiǎn)析:空白處所填詞語(yǔ)taking與the two of us 一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu),作about 的賓語(yǔ)。 2.The computer centre,______ last year, is very popularamong the students in this school. ('93MET31, Key:D) A、open B、opening C、having opened D、opened 簡(jiǎn)析:這里應(yīng)填入一非限制性定語(yǔ)成份,其意義相當(dāng)于which wasopened。 open為動(dòng)詞,此處使用過(guò)去分 詞,表示被動(dòng)動(dòng)作。 3.Charles Bahhase is generally considered ____the firstcomputer.('93MET34,Key:C) A、to invent B、inventing C、to have invented D、having invented 簡(jiǎn)析:consider表示"認(rèn)為"的意義時(shí),可跟不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。若不定 式表示的動(dòng)作在前,則使用其完 成形式,本題中invent表示的動(dòng)作早已過(guò)去。 4.The visiting minister expressed his satisfaction withthe talks, ——that he had enjoyed his stay here. ('94MET20,Key:C) A、having added B、to add C、adding D、added 簡(jiǎn)析:此處所填的詞與其后的賓語(yǔ)從句構(gòu)成狀語(yǔ),表示伴隨情景。add是及 物動(dòng)詞(有自己的賓語(yǔ)從句), 此處adding表示主動(dòng)意義, 所表示的動(dòng)作與謂 語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。 5.The missing boys were last seen______near the river.( '94MET30, Key:A) A、playing B、played C、play D、to play 簡(jiǎn)析:所填的詞為主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),因其后有明確的地點(diǎn),補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)表示動(dòng)作當(dāng)時(shí) 正在進(jìn)行中,所以只能使用pl aying。 6. The first textbooks _____ for teaching English as aforeign language were produced in t he sixteenth century. ('94MET32, Key:A) A、written B、to be written C、being written D、having written 簡(jiǎn)析:所填的詞與隨后的介詞短語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成后置定語(yǔ),write 為及物動(dòng)詞, 與前面所修飾的詞有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系 ,此處填過(guò)去分詞,表示被動(dòng)動(dòng)作。 7.Paul doesn't have to be made_______.He always works hard.('95NMET11, Key:B) A、learn B、to learn C、learned D、learning 簡(jiǎn)析:使役動(dòng)詞是被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),其后的不定式應(yīng)保留to. 8. We agreed_______here but so far she doesn't turn up yet.('95NMET19, Key:C) A、having met B、meeting C、to meet D、to have met 簡(jiǎn)析:動(dòng)詞agree后應(yīng)接不定式。根據(jù)后一句的內(nèi)容, 可知該不定式動(dòng)作 尚未發(fā)生,表示將來(lái)意義,所以 填C項(xiàng)。而D項(xiàng)"to have met "卻表示動(dòng)作 已過(guò)去。 9.—You were brave enough to raise objections at themeeting. —Well, now I regret_______that. ('95NMET26, Key:D) A、to do B、to be doing C、to have done D、having done 簡(jiǎn)析:regret后所跟動(dòng)詞有to do 與doing兩種形式, 不定式表示"為做 某事而遺憾", doing 表示" 為做過(guò)某事而后悔"。"havingdone"則更強(qiáng)調(diào) 動(dòng)作已發(fā)生而無(wú)法挽回。 10.The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, buthis mother told him __________.(' 95NMET34, Key:A) A、not to B、not to do 高考透視,疑難掃描 C、not do it D、do not to 簡(jiǎn)析:所填短語(yǔ)意義應(yīng)為"not to ride his bicycle in thestreet",因 前文出現(xiàn)過(guò)ride his bic ycle in the street",故可省略,避免重復(fù),但不 定式標(biāo)志則予以保留。 11.________in thought, he almost ran into the car infront of him.('96NMET23, Key:C) A、Losing B、Having lost C、Lost D、To lose 簡(jiǎn)析:這里分詞短語(yǔ)的意義應(yīng)為"As he was lost in thought ",意為"由 于陷入沉思",這兒填入過(guò) 去分詞短語(yǔ),表示一種狀態(tài),用作原因狀語(yǔ)。 12.I would love______to the party last night but I had towork extra hours to finish a repor t.('97NMET12, Key:B) A、to go B、to have gone C、going D、having gone 簡(jiǎn)析:本題考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與虛擬語(yǔ)氣。would love to do 為一固定搭配 形式,其中不定式表示想要做 的動(dòng)作。但此句中but 連接的句子說(shuō)明其實(shí)動(dòng)作 并沒(méi)有發(fā)生,所以這里要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反,選 用B項(xiàng)。 13.The Olympic games, _______in 776BC, did not includewomen players until 1912.('97NMET 17, Key:C) A、first playing B、to be first played C、first played D、to be first playing 簡(jiǎn)析:該題與'93MET31題考點(diǎn)完全一致。這里play 意為"舉行",及物 動(dòng)詞,過(guò)去分詞played與主語(yǔ)構(gòu) 成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,表示被動(dòng)動(dòng)作,在此用 作非限制性定語(yǔ)。 二、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞疑難剖析 以上高考題例顯示,非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞考點(diǎn)都是就其最基本的內(nèi)容與用法設(shè)計(jì)的, 例如,非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) ,用作狀語(yǔ),分別表示原因、條件、伴隨情景等。 但非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式、用法還遠(yuǎn)不止這些,如它們的否定式 、進(jìn)行式、完成式、 多種復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)等等。掌握這些內(nèi)容,對(duì)于全面把握非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,加深對(duì)動(dòng)詞意義 的理解, 增強(qiáng)運(yùn)用能力,并最終提高閱讀能力,都具有重要意義。以下是對(duì)幾 個(gè)難點(diǎn)的探討。 1.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) (1)不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu): 其基本形式為"for (of)sb. to do sth.”,表達(dá)時(shí),常使用it作形式主語(yǔ), 句型為"It is+adj.+for (of)sb.+to do sth."。 這里不定式邏輯主語(yǔ)的 引導(dǎo)詞是學(xué)習(xí)中的難點(diǎn)。用for還是of 取決于前面形容詞的 意義,一般情況 下用for,但形容詞為品質(zhì)形容詞時(shí), 形容詞后使用of,如kind,nice,careful, warm-hear ted等等。例如: ①It's too hard for a baby of 5 to walk so long a way. ②It's kind of you to help me with my English. (2)動(dòng)詞-ing的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu): 這種結(jié)構(gòu)的基本形式為"one's doing",但所有格one's 在運(yùn)用中有變化。 規(guī)則為:①?gòu)?fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)置句首 或在正式文體中,使用所有格。②動(dòng)詞-ing的邏輯 主語(yǔ)帶有后置定語(yǔ)、邏輯主語(yǔ)為不定代詞、邏輯主語(yǔ)為名詞 化的形容詞、抽象 名詞等,使用普通格。③在非正式文體,尤其在口語(yǔ)中,不置句首時(shí),?苫Q。 例如: ①Do you mind all of us coming together? ②His not coming in time made the teacher angry. ③I understand you/your refusing his offer. ④We hate the rich robbing the poor of their property. ⑤The noise of the desks being opened and closed could beheard out in the street.(S.B.Ⅱ.L. 8) (3)與with構(gòu)成的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu): 作狀語(yǔ),表示原因、伴隨狀態(tài)等,基本形式為with sb. to do /doing 以 及 with sth. to do/done(be ing done), 分別表示尚未發(fā)生、正在進(jìn)行、已 經(jīng)過(guò)去的主動(dòng)或被動(dòng)動(dòng)作。例如: ①With so much work to do, he can't go out for play. ②With a native leading the way, we had no trouble infinding the village. ③With the lovely dog wounded in the accident, Mrs Cooperstill feels sad. ④We need more people and money with the key projectbeing carried on. 注:這一語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)在去掉with之后,就可轉(zhuǎn)化為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),但此結(jié)構(gòu) 目前尚不屬高考范疇。 2.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) 在感官動(dòng)詞、使役動(dòng)詞之后,常用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),其形式同樣活潑多 變。但補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)若為不定式,謂 語(yǔ)部分又為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu),則須保留不定式標(biāo)志to。 例如: ①The missing boys. were last seen playing near the river.('94MET30) ②He rushed in and found something stolen. ③The boy was made to work for 12 hours a day. ④Don't have the horse running so fast, or it will gethurt. 注:使役動(dòng)詞后使用動(dòng)詞-ing結(jié)構(gòu),表示"驅(qū)使…一直做"或"聽(tīng)任…做" 之意。 3.一些動(dòng)詞后的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞視其有無(wú)邏輯主語(yǔ)而形式不同:有邏輯主語(yǔ)時(shí)用 不定式,而無(wú)邏輯主語(yǔ)時(shí)選擇 動(dòng)詞-ing形式。請(qǐng)注意對(duì)比以下常用詞的結(jié)構(gòu)特 征: ┌allow doing (1)┤ └allow sb. to do ┌permit doing (2)┤ └permit sb. to do ┌forbid doing 高考透視,疑難掃描 (3)┤ └forbid sb. to do ┌advise doing (4)┤ └advise sb. to do 例如: ┌They don't permit smoking in the office. ①┤ └They don't permit us to smoke in the office. ┌Father doesn't allow going out at night. ②┤ └Father doesn't allow me to go out at night. 4.一些動(dòng)詞,后接不定式或動(dòng)詞-ing時(shí),所表示的時(shí)間意義不同,不定式 表示動(dòng)作未發(fā)生,動(dòng)詞-ing形式 表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)過(guò)去。例如: ①I told him of the matter again, for I forgot having methim after the accident. ②Don't forget to lock the door. It is not safe enoughhere. 5.一些動(dòng)詞,如try,mean,stop,get,send等,后接不定式或動(dòng)詞-ing 形式,表示意義不同,試比較: ┌try to do"努力做",含"不努力則難以完成"之意 (1)┤ └try doing"嘗試做",含"摸索方法"之意 ┌mean to do"打算做",含"有某種傾向"之意 (2)┤ └mean doing"意味著",含"等同于"之意 ┌stop to do"停下…去干…",表示一動(dòng)作停止, 另一動(dòng) │作開(kāi)始 (3)┤ └stop doing"停止干…",表示動(dòng)作停止,不再繼續(xù) ┌get sb. to do"請(qǐng)求某人做","說(shuō)服某人做" (4)┤ └get sb. doing"使某人開(kāi)始做" ┌send. sb to do"指派某人做" (5)┤send. sb doing "使某人(怎樣)做",表示 └動(dòng)作開(kāi)始后無(wú)法改變 還有些動(dòng)詞,后接不定式或動(dòng)詞-ing形式,表示語(yǔ)義無(wú)多大差別,多半可 以互換,這些動(dòng)詞有begin,sta rt,prefer等,不過(guò)當(dāng)他們自身使用動(dòng)詞-ing 形式時(shí),其后常用不定式形式。 6.一些動(dòng)詞后只跟不定式,最常用的有ask,agree , decide ,expect, learn,manage,offer,prete nd,refuse,wish等。 一些動(dòng)詞后只跟動(dòng)詞-ing 形式,最常用的有avoid(避免), appreciate ,can't he lp(禁不。,enjoy, excuse,delay,finish , mind ,miss,pardon,practise,resist,risk, sugge st等。 7. 少數(shù)常用動(dòng)詞使用時(shí)有自身的特點(diǎn), 不可一概而論。 請(qǐng)注意hope, consider,suggest(建議)的用 法特征。 hope后接不定式,不定式邏輯主語(yǔ)即句子主語(yǔ)。當(dāng)hope后出現(xiàn)與主語(yǔ)不一 致的人稱或人物時(shí),使用從句形 式,而不使用hope sb. to do結(jié)構(gòu)。 suggest 后接動(dòng)詞- ing 形式, 它的邏輯主語(yǔ)為句子主語(yǔ)。 若suggest后 跟有人稱或事物,則常使用從 句形式,無(wú)suggest sb. todo 的用法。consider 使用consider(考慮)doing,consider(認(rèn)為)…to be /to do 或be considered to be/to do形式,也可使用從句。例如: ①I hope to go swimming this afternoon. I hope Tom could come here soon. ②He considered trying again. He considered us all to be wrong. ③They suggested setting out at once. They suggested that we should set out at once. 8.由非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的復(fù)合詞,常見(jiàn)形式有: (1)名詞+過(guò)去分詞或動(dòng)詞-ing形式,如: man-made dog-tired English-speaking insect-eating (2)形容詞+動(dòng)詞-ing形式,如: good-looking bad-looking (3)副詞+過(guò)去分詞,如: newly-built well-dressed well-skilled highly-qualified 9.幾種非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義的用法。 (1)主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+to do (2)主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+worth+doin (1)和(2)兩種結(jié)構(gòu)中,主語(yǔ)是不定式或動(dòng)詞-ing形式的邏輯賓語(yǔ)。 (3)主語(yǔ)+need(want,require )+doing =主語(yǔ)+need +tobe done, 但前者更常用。 以上幾種結(jié)構(gòu)中的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞均為及物動(dòng)詞或及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)。 ┌have sth. to do │get sth. to do (4)主語(yǔ)+ ┤ │find sth. to do └give sb sth. to do 這些用法中,句子的主語(yǔ)是不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ),sth.為邏輯賓語(yǔ),do為及 物動(dòng)詞或及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)。例 高考透視,疑難掃描如: ①I've got a proposal to make to you. ②We tried to find sth. to eat but couldn't. 10.幾種固定結(jié)構(gòu)表示特定的意義,它們不可隨意改變: to tell you the truth "實(shí)話告訴你" generally speaking"通常說(shuō)來(lái)" judging from"從…來(lái)判斷" talking of ┐ ├ "說(shuō)到(談到)…" speaking of┘ considering that"考慮到…" 請(qǐng)看以下句子: ①Generally speaking, this book is not very difficult. ②Judging from what you said, he has taken a very good job. ③Considering that he has been in China for only a year, he speaks Chinese well.(《英語(yǔ)語(yǔ) 法手冊(cè)》薄冰) 以上非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞難點(diǎn)分析是筆者近幾年對(duì)中學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)實(shí)踐的總結(jié)。非謂語(yǔ) 動(dòng)詞的豐富內(nèi)容與靈活用法, 還遠(yuǎn)不止這些難點(diǎn),在此,真誠(chéng)希望廣大同仁能 共同探討與交流。
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