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JEFC詞匯教學法初探
JEFC詞匯教學法初探 初中學生學習英語,在初一的時侯,往往興趣很濃, 成績也不錯, 可是隨著詞匯量增加及語法項目的增多。漸漸地失去了對英語的興趣。一個很重要的原因就是過不了詞匯關。本文根據(jù)筆者多年的教學經驗, 就怎樣教詞匯, 談些看法。 詞匯教學應采用"全方位教學法"(注:這是筆者自己給這一方法取的名), 即在教學一個詞時, 應盡可能多地將該詞與學生已有的舊知識建立起各種聯(lián)系。這種方法特別適用于有了一定的詞匯量之后的詞匯教學及詞匯總復習。 詞匯教學, 首先, 應從詞的拼寫即詞形著手, 看看該詞是有哪些字母或字母組合組成的, 是否跟以前學過的單詞有相似之處? 有何特點可幫助記憶, 同時, 應跟音標建立起對應關系, 注意哪些字母及字母組合不發(fā)音,如: hour中h不發(fā)音, climb中的b不發(fā)音等; 有哪些字母及字母組合發(fā)音符合讀音規(guī)則, 哪些比較特殊, 還應注意是否有同音詞,在初中英語中同音詞有三十多對(見附錄1), 當然, 還應區(qū)分音似詞(見附錄2)及形似詞(見附錄3)。 第二, 應注意一詞多義現(xiàn)象, 一個單詞用在不同的場合有不同的含義,如:by一詞可作"在......旁"、"乘(車、船等)"、"不遲于"、"被,由"等解釋。 第三, 應了解詞性, 尤其是兼類詞, 如: neither一詞可作連詞、代詞、形容詞和副詞, 因為從詞性可以掌握詞在句中的功能, 這一點跟漢語有許多相似之處, 如: 動詞作謂語, 副詞作狀語等。 第四, 應跟反義詞(見附錄4)、同(近)義詞(見附錄5)聯(lián)系起來, 應講清近義詞之間的細微差別, 盡可能地用英語解釋英語, 其中舊版第五、六冊練習中有一百多個, 可借鑒, 平時,老師也應多幫助學生積累英語釋義。也可通過查雙解詞典得到英語釋義。 第五, 教詞匯時, 應讓學生掌握一些與該詞有關的常見搭配, 還應教一些重點句型及語言適用的情景。讓學生記住。如：had better (not)＋動詞原形；There be +主語；Excuse me, could you tell me how I can get to...?等。 第六, 教詞匯, 還應讓學生掌握各類詞的詞形變化, 關于這一點, 我想分成幾點來講。 1. 教名詞時, 首先應注意該詞是可數(shù)名詞還是不可數(shù)名詞, 特別是一些容易混淆的詞，如：bread, paper（紙）等，由于受漢語影響，學生們往往誤認為可數(shù)名詞。若是可數(shù)名詞則應注意復數(shù)形式。若遇到不規(guī)則的, 應讓學生死記硬背。如下面的內容應讓學生記�。� 考試頻度較高的名詞復數(shù)形式小結 1. child children 2. man men 3. woman women 4. policeman policemen 5. Englishman Englishmen 6. Frenchman Frenchmen 7. foot feet 8.tooth teeth 9. sheep sheep 10. Japanese Japanese 11. Chinese Chinese 12. knife knives 13. wife wives 14. life lives 15. shelf shelves 16. half halves 17. leaf leaves 18. tomato tomatoes 19. potato potatoes 20. zoo zoos 21. radio radios 22. kilo kilos 2. 教動詞,應注意第三人稱單數(shù)形式, 現(xiàn)在分詞, 過去式及過去分詞。若遇到不規(guī)則動詞, 應讓學生看看它的變化是否跟其它不規(guī)則動詞變化有共同之處。如：可以歸納為AAA形、ABB形等。 3. 教形容詞, 副詞要注意比較級及最高級形式。如遇到不規(guī)則的, 應讓學生死記硬背。歸納如下： 不規(guī)則形容詞和副詞的比較等級 原級 比較級 最高級 1. good(well) better best 2. bad(badly, ill) worse worst 3. many(much) more most 4. little less least 5. far farther(further) farthest(furthest) 6. old older(elder) oldest(eldest) 4. 教數(shù)詞, 應注意基數(shù)詞與序數(shù)詞的轉換。特別應注意 first, second, third, fifth, twelfth, ninth, fortieth等詞。 5. 教代詞時, 不管遇到下面的哪一種形式, 即, 人稱代詞的主格、賓格; 形容詞性的物主代詞、名詞性的物主代詞; 反身代詞, 就應讓學生講出其它各種形式。如下表: 人稱代詞, 物主代詞, 反身代詞一覽表 I me my mine myself you you your yours yourself he him his his himself she her her hers herself it it its its itself we us our ours ourselves you you your yours yourselves they them their theirs themselves 并告訴學生, 形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞雖然漢語意義一樣, 但英語中使用時應注意, 在形容詞性物主代詞后必須加名詞才能使用, 而名詞性物主代詞則單獨可以使用。 6. 教國家的名稱時，可同時教民族、語言名稱。如： country people language 1. China Chinese Chinese 2. Japan Japanese Japanese 3. America American English 4. Australia Australian English 5. France French French 6. England Englishman English 7. Germany German German 8. Russian Russian 9. Canada Canadian 7. 另外, 還應讓學生們注意, 該詞是否可通過加前綴或后綴的方法變成另一個單詞, 如: luck加y變成形容詞lucky, 而lucky把y變成i再加ly就變?yōu)楦痹~luckily, 又如: happy前面加un變?yōu)榉穸ㄒ饬x。（詳見附錄6）或者是否能與其它的詞合成新詞。如：class與 room合成為classroom等。 總之, 我們在教詞匯時, 應千方百計地啟發(fā)學生充分發(fā)揮各種聯(lián)想, 以便在學生腦中建立起多種聯(lián)系, 達到促進記憶的目的。從本人十多年的運用情況來看, 效果是比較好的。文中難免有不周之處，敬請同行指正。 附錄1 義教版同音詞小結 one--won way--weigh I--eye son--sun meat--meet right--write for--four sea--see road--rode father--farther hole--whole no--know here--hear wear--where new--knew our--hour there--their weather--whether past--passed ours--hours ah--are aren't--aunt ate--eight who's--whose blue--blew by-bye--buy hi--high pear-pair knows--nose read--red sew--so to--too--two threw--through wood--would blue-blew weak--week its--it's 附錄2 義教版讀音易混淆的詞小結 1. meat, metre 2. head, hand 3. hard, heart 4. nose, noise, nurse 5. slow, snow 6. show,sure,shall 7. wood, word, world 8. much, March, match 9. work, walk 10. thin, thing 11. think, thank 12. big, pig 13. bed, bad 14. horse, house 15. light, right, night 16. mouth, month 17. great, grade 18. hear, hair 19. full, fall 20. for, fall 21. sing, thing 22. quiet, quite 23. no, now 24. leaf, leave 25. wash, wish 26. then, than 27. what, water 28. crowd, cloud 29. low, row 30. back, bag 31. beat, better 32. bike, back 33. box, books 34. class, glass 35. clothes, closes 36. dead, dad 37. grass, glass 38. lesson, listen 39. parent, present 40. same, some 41. long, wrong 42. since, sings, things 43. forty, fourteen 44. cheap, jeep 45. blown, brown 46. lend, land 47. police, please 48. count, can't 49. living, leaving 50. side, said 51. kite, Kate 52. join, John 53. Mary, merry 54. along, alone 55. ice, eyes 56. wait, white, wet 57. cap, cup 58. black, break 59. shoe, sure 60. will, well 61. ran, rang 62. ship, sheep 63. sang, sung, song 64. slow, throw 65. run, rung 66. lock, rock, luck 67. goal, girl 68. live, leave 附錄3 義教版拼寫易混詞小結 1. whether weather 2. present parent 3. form from 4. month mouth 5. quite quiet 6. ago age 7. watch match 8. father farther 9. shirt skirt 10. strange strong 11. then than 12. tired tried 13. brought bought 14. week weak 15. same some 16. felt fell 17. house horse 18. plant plane 19. clean clear 20. even ever 21. hat hate 22. sand send 附錄4 義教版反義詞(對應詞)小結 1. big---small 2. black---white 3. buy---sell 4. cheap---dear(expensive) 5. close---open 6. closed---open 7. come---go 8. different---same 9. leave---stay 10. early---late 11. easy---hard 12. empty---full 13. give---take 14. heavy---light 15. little---much 16. new---old 17. put on---take off 18. right---wrong 19. sit---stand 20. down---up 21. sit down---stand up 22. here---there 23. this---that 24. these---those 25. from---to 26. few--many 27. after--before 28. always--never 29. at first--at last 30. answer--ask(qestion) 31. back--front 32. bad--good 33. atnight--inthe daytime 34. different--same 35. be out--be in 36. above--below 37. best--worst 38. better--worse 39. bring--take 40. busy--free 41. cold--hot 42. cool--warm 43. cry--laugh 44. dangerous--safe 45. dry--wet 46. far--near 47. fat--thin 48. finish--begin(start) 49. full--hungry(empty) 50. happy--sad 51. ill--well 52. inside--outside 53. into--out of 54. last--first 55. learn--teach 56. less--more 57. left--right 58. long--short 59. no--yes 60. part--all(whole) 61. poor--rich 62. pull--push 63. put on--take off 64. quick--slow 65. short--tall 66. thin--thick 67. tonight--today 68. like--unlike 69. yesterday--tomorrow 70. work--rest 71. move--stay 72. behind--in front of 73. lose--win 74. wake up--go to sleep 75. weak--strong 76. dark--light 附錄5 義教版同(近)義詞小結 1. almost---nearly 2. aloud---loud 3. true-real 4. anybody----anyone 5. whether-if 6. trouble---worry 7. sure---certain 8. bright---clever 9. space-room 10. difficult---hard 11. enjoy---like 12. maybe---perhaps 13. nobody---none 14. except---but 15. start---begin 16. helpful---useful 17. job---work 18. several---a few 19. shout---cry 20. quick---fast 21. small---little 22. too---also 23. large---big 24. problem---question 25. game---match 26. certainly---of course 27. glad---happy 28. by air---by plane 29. learn---study 30. have to---must 31. high---tall 32. lose---miss 33. ill---sick 34. at once---right now 35. quite---very 36. every---each 37. be good at---do well in 38. at last---in the end 39. have a cold---catch a cold 40. enjoy oneself---have a good time 41. look after---take care of 42. be careful---take care,look out 43. reach---get to,arrive at(in) 附錄6 派生詞 一、n.---->adj. 1. sun sunny 2. rain rainy 3. cloud cloudy 4. wind windy 5. noise noisy 6. luck lucky 7. health healthy 8. care careful 9. use useful 10. help helpful 11. thank thankful 12. wonder wonderful 13. friend friendly 14. difference different 15. fool foolish 16. sleep asleep 17. danger dangerous 18. south southern 19. north northern 20. wool woolen 21. death dead 二、v.---->adj. 1. interest interesting 2. please pleased(pleasant) 3. worry worried 4. save safe 5. forget forgetful 6. enjoy enjoyable 7. fill full 8. die dead 三、v.---->n. 1. drive driver 2. farm farmer 3. win winner 4. run runner 5. play player 6. sing singer 7. wait waiter 8. work worker 9. teach teacher 10. read reader 11. write writer 12. foreign foreigner 13. village villager 14.speak speaker 15. keep keeper 16. think thinker 17. clean cleaner 18. visit visitor 19. invent inventor 20. travel traveller 21. jump jumper 22. invent invention 23. operate operation 24. live life 25. die death 四、adj.--->adv. 1. angry angrily 2. bad badly 3. beautiful beautifully 4. careful carefully 5. certain certainly 6. easy easily 7. final finally 8.happy happily 9. loud loudly 10. polite politely 11. quick quickly 12. quiet quietly 13. real really 14. slow slowly 15. sudden suddenly 16. true truly 17. usual usually 18. lucky luckily 19. heavy heavily 20. healthy healthily 21. noisy noisily 22. wide widely 23. terrible terribly 24. strong strongly 25. bright brightly 26. clear clearly 27. kind kindly 28. safe safely 29. near nearly 30. possible possibly 31. full fully 五、肯定---否定 1. happy unhappy 2. true untrue 3. usual unusual 4. like unlike (浙江省奉化市溪口中學 吳鵬東)
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